Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Mcgregors theory x and theory y free download as pdf file. The present research investigates whether xy attitudes and xy behaviorsexamined as two distinct constructsare. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. People will exercise selfdirection and selfcontrol if they are committed to the objectives. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. Theory x is propounded by mcgregor, which indicates a set of assumptions, that an average worker is motivated to satisfy their own needs and not to contribute to the fulfilment of organisational goals. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. These theories are based on the premise that management has to assemble all the factors of production, including human beings, to get the work done. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory.
This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave character of the manager or worker corresponding to the. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y have both their advantages and disadvantages, though many would prefer to call them their strengths and weaknesses. An exploratory study of the relationships between theory x. Mcclellands need for achievement underlies maslows selfactualization. Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregors initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the.
According to the economist 2008 he was not necessarily the first. Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. Douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a lecturer at harvard university and became the first sloan fellows professor at mit. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. In addition to this, they can help a manager to focus on his. Introduction theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation.
Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. A powtoon video highlighting the advantages of mcgregors theory x and y while highlighting the disadvantages of the other 3 theories. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve. Mcgregors theory x and theory y organizational behavior. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. Theory x and theory y are still referred to commonly in the field of management and motivation, and whilst more recent studies have questioned the rigidity of the model, mcgregors xy theory remains a valid basic principle from which to develop positive management.
X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Theory x assumptions believe that workers must be controlled and threatened with punishment allio, 2009. Learn how douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y can help you think about team member motivation. Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior in the organization that was published in by douglas mcgregor. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource.
The biggest advantage of using theory x and theory y is that they are easy to understand. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory xy attitudes and theory xy behaviors. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. Essentially theory x and theory y describe two opposing views of people at work that will influence management style. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management style and fulfillment of psychological contract. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Advantages and disadvantages of theory x and y essay. Theory x and theory y mcgregors theory x and theory y. Many managers tend towards theory x, and generally get poor. Theory x and theory y are still referred to regularly in the fields of. It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation.
Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Mcgregors x y theory is a natural rule for managing people. I knew instinctively that mcgregors assessment of the traditional view management, which he names theory x, was true because i had worked in x environments for years, trying to run y divisions. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous xy theory in his 1960 book the human side of enterprise. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation.
Mcgregors theory y matches much of maslows selfactualization level of motivation. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Difference between theory x and theory y with comparison. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregors theory y thinking back from pre.
Theory x managers assume that workers are lazy, will avoid responsibility, and prefer to just get by. The theory x and theory y are the theories of motivation given by douglas mcgregor in 1960s. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y shubhabrata bose iiswbm mbaday sec. Douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by questioning fundamental assumptions about human behavior in organizations. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Theory x and theory y in 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor.
The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit. Yet the effect of xy attitudes on job performance has never been empirically demonstrated. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. For those managers faced with the challenge of douglas mcgregors landmark book, the. His theory x and theory y was detailed in the human side of enterprise, published in 1960. He referred to these opposing motivational methods as theory x and theory y management. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory motivation scribd. Mcgregor maintained that there two fundamental approaches to managing people. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. The present study explored the possibility that mcgregors 1960 theory xy assumptions serve as cognitive determinants of superior communicator style, a multidimensional set of style variables that can have considerable effects on subordinate wellbeing and organizational viability. A multilevel, multisource analysis article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 2714.
The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a neutral terminology, which does not convey any sense of badness or goodness. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management. The work of joanne woodward indicated that mechanistic organizations theory x were more appropriate for mass production technology, while organic. Given the drawbacks of theoryx, mcgregor developed an alternative theory of human behavior called theoryy. The points given below are substantial, so far as the difference between theory x and theory y is concerned. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other. Mcgregors xy theory remains central to organizational development, and to improving. The idea that a managers attitude has an impact on employee motivation was originally proposed by douglas mcgregor, a management professor at the massachusetts institute of technology during the 1950s and 1960s. Organizational communication channel 114,558 views. Both the theories, which are very different from each other, are used by managers to motivate their employees. Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in. Douglas mcgregor work is established in motivation theory.
Ramirez stephany juliana romero pino ricado valencia pinacue daniela. Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production. Mcgregors theory x and y is a salutary and simple remainder of the natural rules for managing people, which under the pressure of daytoday business are all too easily forgotten. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia.
Pdf on nov 1, 2017, mohammad saiful islam and others published application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book. Mcgregor came from a social psychology background and brought his training in this area to the field of management. Hereafter, we refer to mcgregors theorizing as theory xy. Mcgregor 1960 famously argued that there are two types of managers. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf download oikos.
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